Jane C. Wright

src: i.ytimg.com

Jane Cooke Wright (also known as "Jane Jones" or "Mr. David Jones") (November 30, 1919 - February 19, 2013) was a pioneering cancer researcher and surgeon noted for her contributions to chemotherapy. In particular, Wright is credited with developing the technique of using human tissue culture rather than laboratory mice to test the effects of potential drugs on cancer cells. She also pioneered the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancer (mycosis fungoids).

Video Jane C. Wright

Biography

Early life and education

Wright was born in Manhattan to Corinne Cooke, a public school teacher, and Louis T. Wright, a graduate of Meharry Medical College and one of the first African American graduates from Harvard Medical School. Her father, Louis Tompkins Wright, was from a medical family. He was the child of Dr. Ceah Ketcham Wright, a physician graduated from Bencake Medical College, and stepson of William Fletcher Penn, the first African-American graduate of Yale Medical College. Wright's uncle, Harold Dadford West, was also a physician, ultimately president of Meharry Medical College. Wright's father continuously fought against racial injustice and declared the American Medical Association responsible for the existing racial discrimination in the medical field. He publicly stated, "the American Medical Association has demonstrated as much interest in the health of the Negro as Hitler has in the health of the Jew." In becoming physicians, Jane Wright and her sister Barbara Wright Pierce both followed in their father's and grandfathers' footsteps, overcoming both gender and racial bias succeed in a largely white male profession.

As a child, Wright attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, then the "Ethical Culture" school and the "Fieldston School", from which she graduated in 1938. She graduated with an art degree from Smith College in 1942 and then earned a medical degree, graduating with honors in 1945 from the New York Medical College.

Professional

After medical school, she did residencies at Bellevue Hospital (1945-46) and Harlem Hospital (1947-48), completing her tenure at Harlem Hospital as chief resident. In 1949 she joined her father in research at the Harlem Hospital Cancer Research Center, which he had founded, succeeding him as director when he died in 1952. In 1955 she accepted a research appointment at New York University Bellevue Medical Center, as Associate Professor of Surgical Research and Director of Cancer Research.

Wright's research work involved studying the effects of various drugs on tumors, and she was the first to identify methotrexate, one of the foundational chemotherapy drugs, as an effective tool against cancerous tumors. Wright's early work brought chemotherapy out of the realm of an untested, experimental hypothetical treatment, into the realm of tested, proven effective cancer therapeutics--thus literally saving millions of lives. Wright and her father introduced nitrogen mustard agents, similar to the mustard gas compounds used in World War I, that were successful in treating the cancerous cells of leukemia patients. Wright later pioneered combinatorial work in chemotherapeutics, focusing not simply on administering multiple drugs, but sequential and dosage variations to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy and minimize side effects. She was successful in identifying treatments for both breast and skin cancer, developing a chemotherapy protocol that increased skin cancer patient lifespans up to ten years. She also developed a non-surgical method, using a catheter system, to deliver potent drugs to tumors located deep within the body such as the liver and spleen. She published more than 100 papers on cancer chemotherapeutics during her career and served on the editorial board of the Journal of the National Medical Association.

During her career, Cooke also collaborated with cell biologist and physiologist Jewel Plummer Cobb, another noted African American woman scientist.

In addition to research and clinical work, Wright was professionally active. In 1964, she was the only woman among seven physicians who helped to found the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and in 1971, she was the first woman elected president of the New York Cancer Society. Wright was appointed associated dean and head of the Cancer Chemotherapy Department at New York Medical College in 1967, apparently the highest ranked African American physician at a prominent medical college at the time, and certainly the highest ranked African American woman physician. She was appointed to the National Cancer Advisory Board (also known as the National Cancer Advisory Council) by US President Lyndon Johnson, serving from 1966 to 1970. and the President's Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke (1964-65). Wright was also internationally active, leading delegations of oncologists to China and the Soviet Union, and countries in Africa and Eastern Europe. She worked in Ghana in 1957 and in Kenya in 1961, treating cancer patients. From 1973 to 1984 she served as vice president of the African Research and Medical Foundation.

Wright was the recipient of many awards, including the honorary Doctor of Medical Sciences degree from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania.

Wright retired in 1985 and was appointed emerita professor at New York Medical College in 1987. In describing her pioneering research in chemotherapy, she told reporter Fern Eckman, "There's lots of fun in exploring the unknown. There's no greater thrill than in having an experiment turn out in such a way that you make a positive contribution."

Personal biography

On July 27, 1947, Wright married David D. Jones and the couple had two daughters: Jane Wright Jones and Alison Jones. Her husband was an attorney and became founder of anti-poverty and job training organizations for young African Americans. Unfortunately, in 1976, Mr. Jones died of heart failure. In addition to her love of the sciences, Jane was fond of watercolor painting, reading mystery novels, swimming, and sailing. Upon receiving the Merit Award from Mademoiselle in 1952, she stated, "My plans for the future are to continue seeking a cure for cancer, to be a good mother to my children, and a good wife to my husband."

Maps Jane C. Wright

Selected publications

Notable research papers

• J. C. Wright, J. P. Cobb, S. L. Gumport, F. M. Golomb, and D. Safadi, "Investigation of the Relationship Between Clinical and Tissue Response to Chemotherapeutic Agents on Human Cancer", New England Journal of Medicine 257 (1957): 1207-1211.
• J. C. Wright, J. I. Plummer, R. S. Coidan, and L. T. Wright, "The in Vivo and in Vitro Effects of Chemotherapeutic Agents on Human Neoplastic Diseases", The Harlem Hospital Bulletin 6 (1953): 58-63.

Selected review articles

• Jane C. Wright, "Cancer Chemotherapy: Past, Present, and Future -- Part I.", Journal of the National Medical Association, v.76, n.8, pp. 773-784 (1984).

src: i0.wp.com

Awards

• "Merit Award" from Mademoiselle Magazine (1952) for evaluating the efficacy of chemotherapy
• Damon Runyon Award (1955)
• Elected to membership in Sigma Xi (1962)
• "Spirit of Achievement Award", from Albert Einstein College of Medicine (1965)
• New York City's Harriet Beecher Stowe Junior High, the women's division of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine (1965)
• Links (1965)
• Doctor of Medical Sciences degree by the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (1965)
• Elected to membership in Alpha Omega Alpha (1966)
• Hadassah Myrtle Wreath Award (1967)
• Smith Medal from Smith College (1968)
• American Association for Cancer Research Award (1975)
• Otelia Cromwell Award from Smith College (1981)

Recognitions

• Named Award: "Jane C. Wright, MD, Young Investigator Award", created in 2011 by American Society of Clinical Oncology and the Conquer Cancer Foundation
• Named Lecture: "Minorities in Cancer Research Jane Cooke Wright Lectureship", from the American Association of Cancer Research, "given to an outstanding scientist who has made meritorious contributions to the field of cancer research and who has, through leadership or by example, furthered the advancement of minority investigators in cancer research."
• Mentioned in a 2014 episode of Rizzoli and Isles.

src: img.etsystatic.com

Notes

src: www.ssc.wisc.edu

Further reading

Exhibitions and Profiles

• Ciba-Geigy "Exceptional Black Scientists"
• "Dr. Jane Cooke Wright", Changing the Face of Medicine, National Library of Medicine (last visited March 3, 2013).
• "Homecoming for Jane Wright", Ebony, May 1968 (pp. 72-77).
• "Jane Cooke Wright" on YouTube (Video Profile), Feb. 17, 2013, last visited March 3, 2013).

Interviews

• Diann Jordan, Sisters in Science: Conversations With Black Women Scientists (2006), p. 33

Encyclopedias and Reference Books

• Robert C. Hayden, "Jane Cooke Wright", Black Women in America: Profiles (MacMillan Library Reference USA, New York), p. 321.
• Edward Sidney Jenkins, Patricia Stohr-Hunt, and Exyie C. Ryder, To Fathom More: African American Scientists and Inventors (University Press of America, 1996).
• Benjamin F. Sheaer, Notable Women in the Life Sciences (Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut), pp. 405-407.
• "Jane Cooke Wright", Encyclopedia of World Biography (2008)
• Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present (Gale, 2001)
• Notable Black American Women, Book 1, Gale Research (1992)
• Vivian Ovelton Sammons, Blacks in Science and Medicine, Hemisphere, 1990.
• Lisa Yount, A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Facts on File, 1999)
• Wini Warren, "Jane Cooke Wright", Black Women Scientists in the United States (Indiana University Press, 2000), p. 276 et seq.

Obituaries

• Allen Lichter, "In Memoriam: ASCO Remembers Founding Member Dr. Jane Cooke Wright", American Society of Clinical Oncology, Feb. 22, 2013.
• Weber, Bruce. "Jane Wright, Oncology Pioneer, Dies at 93", The New York Times (obituary), March 2, 2013.

Papers and Archives

• "Jane C. Wright Papers, 1920-2006", Smith College, Sophia Smith Collection

Source of article : Wikipedia